NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. Periods of Snow in the Northern Rockies and Great Lakes. Moderate to heavy lake-effect snow will develop over the eastern U.P. of Michigan and downwind from Lakes Erie and Ontario.North northwest wind between 3 and 7 mph. Friday: Sunny, with a high near 58. Calm wind becoming west northwest around 6 mph. Friday Night: Clear, with a low around 34. Northwest wind between 5 and 8 mph becoming calm. Saturday: Sunny, with a high near 63. Saturday Night: Mostly clear, with a low around 38. Sunday: Sunny, with a high near 67.US Dept of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service Grand Junction, CO 2844 Aviators Way Grand Junction, CO 81506-8644A group of 31 leading atmospheric scientists have now offered a consensus physical science research roadmap to build the knowledge base needed to evaluate the …Weather.gov - National Digital Forecast Database Graphical Forecasts. This graphical forecast page is planned to be replaced by the map viewer now experimentally available at digital.mdl.nws.noaa.gov.Increasing clouds, with a low around 48. West wind 5 to 10 mph becoming light and variable in the evening. Tuesday. Mostly sunny, with a high near 69. Light and variable wind becoming west 6 to 11 mph in the afternoon. Tuesday Night. Partly cloudy, with a low around 47. Wednesday. Sunny, with a high near 68.Search for recent weather data in your area. Weather forecasts are available through the National Weather Service. Search. Featured News. March 21, 2024 Marie Tharp. Learn about Marie Tharp, a pioneering ocean mapper who discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and proved the validity of the theory of continental drift. ... NOAA; NESDIS ...The year-to-date (January and February 2024) temperature currently ranks as the world’s warmest such period on record. There is a 45% chance that 2024 will be the …Southwest wind 7 to 9 mph becoming northwest in the afternoon. Chance of precipitation is 70%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms. A chance of showers and thunderstorms before 10pm, then a chance of showers between 10pm and 11pm. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 58.NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow and strong winds are expected.Portland OR. 45.53°N 122.67°W (Elev. 200 ft) Last Update: 1:02 am PDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Valid: 2am PDT Mar 20, 2024-6pm PDT Mar 26, 2024. Forecast Discussion.NOAA Climate.gov provides timely and authoritative information about climate. We promote public understanding of climate science and climate-related events through videos, stories, images, and data visualizations; we make common data products and services easy to access and use; and we provide tools and resources that help …Find current and forecast maps of weather conditions, precipitation, fronts, and more for North America. Select an area of interest and view high resolution, animated, or …DSCOVR, NOAA’s first operational satellite in deep space, orbits a million miles from Earth in order to provide early warnings of potentially harmful space weather. 14 times a day JPSS satellites circle the Earth from pole-to-pole and cross the equator 14 times daily allowing for full global coverage twice a day.Suffolk VA. 36.69°N 76.63°W (Elev. 49 ft) Last Update: 2:29 pm EDT Mar 14, 2024. Forecast Valid: 5pm EDT Mar 14, 2024-6pm EDT Mar 21, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Browse stories about the ‘climate behind the weather’ in this interactive map of current events found in our News and Features department. ... NOAA's Geoplatform provides geospatial data, maps, and analytics in support of NOAA's mission through a GIS application using Esri's ArcGIS Online. Maps, Layers, Scenes, Apps and StoryMaps are ...NWS. Point Forecast: Missoula MT. 46.87°N 114°W. Mobile Weather Information | En Español. Last Update: 2:40 pm MDT Mar 12, 2024. Forecast Valid: 9pm MDT Mar 12, …Portland OR. 45.53°N 122.67°W (Elev. 200 ft) Last Update: 1:02 am PDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Valid: 2am PDT Mar 20, 2024-6pm PDT Mar 26, 2024. Forecast Discussion.NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow …A chance of showers, then showers and possibly a thunderstorm after noon. High near 54. West wind 6 to 11 mph becoming north in the afternoon. Winds could gust as high as 20 mph. Chance of precipitation is 80%. Sunday Night. Rain showers likely before 7pm, then rain and snow showers likely between 7pm and 8pm, then snow showers likely after 8pm.NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow …NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. Periods of Snow in the Northern Rockies and Great Lakes. Moderate to heavy lake-effect snow will develop over the eastern U.P. of Michigan and downwind from Lakes Erie and Ontario.San Juan PR. 18.41°N 66.07°W (Elev. 56 ft) Last Update: 3:39 pm AST Mar 17, 2024. Forecast Valid: 7pm AST Mar 17, 2024-6pm AST Mar 24, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Southwest wind 7 to 9 mph becoming northwest in the afternoon. Chance of precipitation is 70%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms. A chance of showers and thunderstorms before 10pm, then a chance of showers between 10pm and 11pm. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 58.2 Miles SE Anchorage International Airport AK. 61.16°N 149.94°W (Elev. 85 ft) Last Update: 5:47 am AKDT Mar 18, 2024. Forecast Valid: 12pm AKDT Mar 18, 2024-6pm AKDT Mar 24, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Monday. Areas of dense fog before 9am. Otherwise, mostly sunny, with a high near 82. Southwest wind 5 to 11 mph. Monday Night. A slight chance of showers and thunderstorms before midnight, then a slight chance of showers after 5am. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 61. West wind 8 to 13 mph. Chance of precipitation is 20%.Santa Clarita CA. 34.4°N 118.54°W (Elev. 1194 ft) Last Update: 2:22 pm PDT Mar 19, 2024. Forecast Valid: 6pm PDT Mar 19, 2024-6pm PDT Mar 26, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Wednesday Night. Partly cloudy, with a low around 45. South wind around 5 mph becoming calm. Thursday. Mostly sunny, with a high near 68. Light and variable wind becoming southwest around 6 mph in the afternoon. Thursday Night. A 50 percent chance of showers, mainly after 2am. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 50.Point Forecast: Baltimore MD. 39.29°N 76.61°W (Elev. 7 ft) Last Update: 1:30 pm EDT Mar 19, 2024. Forecast Valid: 4pm EDT Mar 19, 2024-6pm EDT Mar 26, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Detailed Forecast. Partly sunny, with a high near 39. North northwest wind 9 to 13 mph, with gusts as high as 20 mph. Mostly clear, with a low around 29. West northwest wind 8 to 11 mph becoming southwest after midnight. Winds could gust as high as 18 mph. Sunny, with a high near 60. Southwest wind 16 to 18 mph, with gusts as high as 32 mph.NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow …Detailed Forecast. Increasing clouds, with a low around 49. West wind 8 to 10 mph, with gusts as high as 16 mph. Mostly sunny, with a high near 68. Southwest wind 6 to 9 mph. Mostly clear, with a low around 53. West wind 5 to 8 mph. Sunny, with a high near 72. Calm wind becoming south around 6 mph in the afternoon.Detailed Forecast. Partly sunny, with a high near 39. North northwest wind 9 to 13 mph, with gusts as high as 20 mph. Mostly clear, with a low around 29. West northwest wind 8 to 11 mph becoming southwest after midnight. Winds could gust as high as 18 mph. Sunny, with a high near 60. Southwest wind 16 to 18 mph, with gusts as high as 32 mph.A chance of showers, then showers and possibly a thunderstorm after noon. High near 54. West wind 6 to 11 mph becoming north in the afternoon. Winds could gust as high as 20 mph. Chance of precipitation is 80%. Sunday Night. Rain showers likely before 7pm, then rain and snow showers likely between 7pm and 8pm, then snow showers likely after 8pm.Detailed Forecast. Sunny, with a high near 69. Light and variable wind becoming southwest 5 to 10 mph in the afternoon. Partly cloudy, with a low around 53. West wind around 5 mph becoming calm. Partly sunny, then gradually becoming sunny, with a high near 69. Calm wind becoming southwest around 5 mph in the morning.Tonight. A chance of rain and snow before 2am, then rain or freezing rain likely between 2am and 3am, then rain likely after 3am. Cloudy, with a low around 32. Southeast wind around 6 mph. Chance of precipitation is 60%. Little or no ice accumulation expected. Little or no snow accumulation expected.Williamsport PA. 41.25°N 77.05°W (Elev. 591 ft) Last Update: 4:56 pm EDT Mar 13, 2024. Forecast Valid: 6pm EDT Mar 13, 2024-6pm EDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Mar 1, 2024 · NOAA provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the U.S. and its territories. Learn about the Weather-Ready Nation initiative, the National Weather Service transformation, and the latest weather features and facts. The year-to-date (January and February 2024) temperature currently ranks as the world’s warmest such period on record. There is a 45% chance that 2024 will be the …North northwest wind between 3 and 7 mph. Friday: Sunny, with a high near 58. Calm wind becoming west northwest around 6 mph. Friday Night: Clear, with a low around 34. Northwest wind between 5 and 8 mph becoming calm. Saturday: Sunny, with a high near 63. Saturday Night: Mostly clear, with a low around 38. Sunday: Sunny, with a high near 67.Wednesday. A chance of rain after 5pm. Partly sunny, with a high near 46. Southwest wind 7 to 14 mph. Chance of precipitation is 30%. Wednesday Night. A chance of rain before 8pm. Partly cloudy, with a low around 25. West wind 15 to 18 mph, with gusts as high as 28 mph. Chance of precipitation is 30%.46.18°N 123.83°W (Elev. 200 ft) Last Update: 2:40 am PDT Mar 14, 2024. Forecast Valid: 3am PDT Mar 14, 2024-6pm PDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.NOAA National Weather Service Houston/Galveston, TX. Severe Weather Safety & Preparedness Webinars in Spanish. Diferentes oficinas del Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia de Texas estaran llevando a cabo seminarios de preparacion y seguridad ante el tiempo severo.NOAA Climate.gov provides timely and authoritative information about climate. We promote public understanding of climate science and climate-related events through videos, stories, images, and data visualizations; we make common data products and services easy to access and use; and we provide tools and resources that help …Breezy, with a northwest wind 10 to 15 mph becoming west in the afternoon. Winds could gust as high as 20 mph. A slight chance of snow before 8pm, then a chance of flurries between 8pm and 10pm. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 27. Breezy, with a southwest wind 10 to 15 mph, with gusts as high as 25 mph. Chance of precipitation is 20%.Point Forecast: Butte MT Similar City Names. 46.01°N 112.52°W (Elev. 5522 ft) Last Update: 2:41 pm MDT Mar 16, 2024. Forecast Valid: 3am MDT Mar 17, 2024-6pm MDT Mar 23, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Weather.gov - National Digital Forecast Database Graphical Forecasts. This graphical forecast page is planned to be replaced by the map viewer now experimentally available at digital.mdl.nws.noaa.gov.Storm Events Database. The occurrence of storms and other significant weather phenomena having sufficient intensity to cause loss of life, injuries, significant property damage, and/or disruption to commerce; Rare, unusual, weather phenomena that generate media attention, such as snow flurries in South Florida or the San Diego coastal area; and.NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow …Point Forecast: Santa Rosa CA Similar City Names. 38.45°N 122.7°W (Elev. 190 ft) Last Update: 1:27 pm PDT Mar 21, 2024. Forecast Valid: 8pm PDT Mar 21, 2024-6pm PDT Mar 28, 2024. Forecast Discussion.East wind 5 to 10 mph. Chance of precipitation is 60%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms. Sunday. Showers and thunderstorms likely, mainly before 11am. Mostly cloudy, with a high near 74. Northeast wind 5 to 10 mph. Chance of precipitation is 70%.Monday. Areas of dense fog before 9am. Otherwise, mostly sunny, with a high near 82. Southwest wind 5 to 11 mph. Monday Night. A slight chance of showers and thunderstorms before midnight, then a slight chance of showers after 5am. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 61. West wind 8 to 13 mph. Chance of precipitation is 20%.Mount Pleasant MI. 43.59°N 84.77°W (Elev. 768 ft) Last Update: 11:05 pm EDT Mar 17, 2024. Forecast Valid: 11pm EDT Mar 17, 2024-6pm EDT Mar 24, 2024.Click on the NWS Warnings and Advisories Map above for more details. Weather Topics: Watches , Mesoscale Discussions , Outlooks , Fire Weather , All Products , Contact Us. NOAA / National Weather Service. National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Storm Prediction Center.DSCOVR, NOAA’s first operational satellite in deep space, orbits a million miles from Earth in order to provide early warnings of potentially harmful space weather. 14 times a day JPSS satellites circle the Earth from pole-to-pole and cross the equator 14 times daily allowing for full global coverage twice a day.NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow …Thursday. Mostly sunny, with a high near 67. Calm wind becoming north around 6 mph in the afternoon. A slight chance of showers and thunderstorms between midnight and 2am, then a chance of showers after 2am. Increasing clouds, with a low around 43. Calm wind becoming southeast around 6 mph after midnight. Chance of precipitation is 40%.Point Forecast: Duluth International Airport MN. 46.83°N 92.2°W. Last Update: 6:11 pm CDT Mar 13, 2024. Forecast Valid: 7pm CDT Mar 13, 2024-6pm CDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow and strong winds are expected.Created: 03/20/24 at 7:17 am UTC. Blizzard Warning. Winter Storm Warning. Avalanche Warning. Flood Warning. Gale Warning. Red Flag Warning. Winter Weather Advisory. …Sep 8, 2005 · National Weather Service Home page. The starting point for official government weather forecasts, warnings, meteorological products for forecasting the weather, and information about meteorology. Northeast wind 5 to 10 mph becoming light and variable in the evening. Sunny, with a high near 67. Calm wind becoming east around 5 mph in the afternoon. Mostly clear, with a low around 38. Sunny, with a high near 68. Mostly clear, with a low around 39. Sunny, with a high near 66. Partly cloudy, with a low around 39.Partly cloudy, with a low around 52. Northwest wind 5 to 10 mph, with gusts as high as 20 mph. Sunday. Mostly sunny, with a high near 66. Northeast wind 5 to 10 mph becoming west in the afternoon. Winds could gust as high as 20 mph. Sunday Night. Mostly clear, with a low around 52. Northwest wind 5 to 10 mph becoming northeast after midnight.The February global surface temperature was 1.40°C (2.52°F) above the 20th-century average of 12.1°C (53.8°F), making it the warmest February on record. This was …37.94°N 91.76°W (Elev. 1014 ft) Last Update: 6:00 pm CDT Mar 13, 2024. Forecast Valid: 6pm CDT Mar 13, 2024-6pm CDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.The encoded PIREP should read as follows: If this is correct click SUBMIT, otherwise click BACK37.94°N 91.76°W (Elev. 1014 ft) Last Update: 6:00 pm CDT Mar 13, 2024. Forecast Valid: 6pm CDT Mar 13, 2024-6pm CDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Excessive Rainfall and Winter Weather Forecasts; River Flooding ; Latest Warnings; Thunderstorm/Tornado Outlook ; Hurricanes ; Fire Weather Outlooks ; UV Alerts ; …42.25°N 71.07°W (Elev. 79 ft) Last Update: 11:07 am EDT Mar 14, 2024. Forecast Valid: 1pm EDT Mar 14, 2024-6pm EDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.NOAA National Weather Service Houston/Galveston, TX. Severe Weather Safety & Preparedness Webinars in Spanish. Diferentes oficinas del Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia de Texas estaran llevando a cabo seminarios de preparacion y seguridad ante el tiempo severo.Nooa Weather is a misspelling of NOAA Weather, the official source of weather forecasts, warnings, and alerts in the United States. Find current and past weather conditions, …NOAA National Weather Service Houston/Galveston, TX. Severe Weather Safety & Preparedness Webinars in Spanish. Diferentes oficinas del Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia de Texas estaran llevando a cabo seminarios de preparacion y seguridad ante el tiempo severo.43.62°N 116.22°W (Elev. 2710 ft) Last Update: 2:39 pm MDT Mar 17, 2024. Forecast Valid: 4pm MDT Mar 17, 2024-6pm MDT Mar 24, 2024. Forecast Discussion.46.18°N 123.83°W (Elev. 200 ft) Last Update: 2:40 am PDT Mar 14, 2024. Forecast Valid: 3am PDT Mar 14, 2024-6pm PDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Saturday. Rain and snow showers, becoming all rain after 1pm. Some thunder is also possible. Snow level 400 feet rising to 1100 feet in the afternoon. High near 44. South southwest wind around 14 mph, with gusts as high as 21 mph. Chance of precipitation is 80%. Little or no snow accumulation expected.Temperatures were above average over much of the globe, but eastern Asia, much of Greenland, and parts of Antarctica were cooler than average. ... (right) average …NOAA National Weather Service Houston/Galveston, TX. Severe Weather Safety & Preparedness Webinars in Spanish. Diferentes oficinas del Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia de Texas estaran llevando a cabo seminarios de preparacion y seguridad ante el tiempo severo.NOAA Climate.gov provides timely and authoritative information about climate. We promote public understanding of climate science and climate-related events through videos, stories, images, and data visualizations; we make common data products and services easy to access and use; and we provide tools and resources that help …West wind 5 to 7 mph becoming light and variable after midnight. Wednesday. A 20 percent chance of rain after 1pm. Partly sunny, with a high near 61. Light and variable wind becoming west 6 to 11 mph in the afternoon. Wednesday Night. A 40 percent chance of rain, mainly after 7pm. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 39. Thursday.DSCOVR, NOAA’s first operational satellite in deep space, orbits a million miles from Earth in order to provide early warnings of potentially harmful space weather. 14 times a day JPSS satellites circle the Earth from pole-to-pole and cross the equator 14 times daily allowing for full global coverage twice a day.Saturday. A slight chance of rain and snow before 11am, then a chance of rain. Snow level 3700 feet rising to 4600 feet in the afternoon. Partly sunny, with a high near 51. Southwest wind 9 to 13 mph, with gusts as high as 21 mph. Chance of precipitation is 40%.
Click Map For Forecast. Disclaimer. Point Forecast: Great Falls MT. 47.49°N 111.31°W (Elev. 3399 ft) Last Update: 8:33 pm MDT Mar 15, 2024. Forecast Valid: 1am MDT Mar 16, 2024-6pm MDT Mar 22, 2024.. Glamour hair salon
At a Glance. Snow in spring can be irritating if you can't wait for warm weather. But this spring, it should be cheered in the upper Midwest, due to drought. After record …Redding CA. 40.6°N 122.4°W (Elev. 600 ft) Last Update: 12:31 pm PDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Valid: 6pm PDT Mar 20, 2024-6pm PDT Mar 27, 2024. Forecast Discussion.Created: 03/20/24 at 7:17 am UTC. Blizzard Warning. Winter Storm Warning. Avalanche Warning. Flood Warning. Gale Warning. Red Flag Warning. Winter Weather Advisory. …NOAA National Weather Service Houston/Galveston, TX. Severe Weather Safety & Preparedness Webinars in Spanish. Diferentes oficinas del Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia de Texas estaran llevando a cabo seminarios de preparacion y seguridad ante el tiempo severo.Saturday. A slight chance of rain and snow before 11am, then a chance of rain. Snow level 3700 feet rising to 4600 feet in the afternoon. Partly sunny, with a high near 51. Southwest wind 9 to 13 mph, with gusts as high as 21 mph. Chance of precipitation is 40%.Click on the NWS Warnings and Advisories Map above for more details. Weather Topics: Watches , Mesoscale Discussions , Outlooks , Fire Weather , All Products , Contact Us. NOAA / National Weather Service. National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Storm Prediction Center.Point Forecast: Duluth International Airport MN. 46.83°N 92.2°W. Last Update: 6:11 pm CDT Mar 13, 2024. Forecast Valid: 7pm CDT Mar 13, 2024-6pm CDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.WEATHER SAFETY SkyWarn NOAA Wx Radio. OFFICE ACTIVITIES Cooperative Program Historical Observation Sites. US Dept of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service Denver/Boulder, CO 325 Broadway Boulder, CO 80305-3328 303-494-3210 for a recording call 303-494-4221 …Breezy, with a northwest wind 10 to 15 mph becoming west in the afternoon. Winds could gust as high as 20 mph. A slight chance of snow before 8pm, then a chance of flurries between 8pm and 10pm. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 27. Breezy, with a southwest wind 10 to 15 mph, with gusts as high as 25 mph. Chance of precipitation is 20%.Suffolk VA. 36.69°N 76.63°W (Elev. 49 ft) Last Update: 2:29 pm EDT Mar 14, 2024. Forecast Valid: 5pm EDT Mar 14, 2024-6pm EDT Mar 21, 2024. Forecast Discussion.NOAA National Weather Service Seattle/Tacoma, WA. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow …Detailed Forecast. Partly sunny, with a high near 39. North northwest wind 9 to 13 mph, with gusts as high as 20 mph. Mostly clear, with a low around 29. West northwest wind 8 to 11 mph becoming southwest after midnight. Winds could gust as high as 18 mph. Sunny, with a high near 60. Southwest wind 16 to 18 mph, with gusts as high as 32 mph.37.94°N 91.76°W (Elev. 1014 ft) Last Update: 6:00 pm CDT Mar 13, 2024. Forecast Valid: 6pm CDT Mar 13, 2024-6pm CDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion.NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. A Couple of Strong Storms to Impact the Lower 48. Heavy rain and a few thunderstorms will impact the eastern seaboard through Saturday; For portions of New England, heavy snow …Rain and snow before 2pm, then rain between 2pm and 3pm, then rain and snow after 3pm. High near 43. West northwest wind 10 to 15 mph becoming north in the afternoon. Chance of precipitation is 80%. Little or no snow accumulation expected. Wednesday Night. Rain and snow, becoming all snow after 7pm. Patchy blowing snow …Point Forecast: Duluth International Airport MN. 46.83°N 92.2°W. Last Update: 6:11 pm CDT Mar 13, 2024. Forecast Valid: 7pm CDT Mar 13, 2024-6pm CDT Mar 20, 2024. Forecast Discussion..